tDCS applies very low-intensity electrical current through scalp electrodes to modulate cortical excitability.

Current flow can increase or decrease neuronal membrane potential depending on polarity.

With intensities up to 2mA and sessions around 20-25 minutes, physiological effects vary by dose and can support synaptic plasticity.

Neurobiological effects after stimulation

Long-term physiological changes may include:

• Changes in calcium dynamics and activation
• Modulation of glutamate expression
• Modulation of neurotransmitter release
• Effects on neurotrophic factors
• Effects on neuroendocrine systems
• Effects on inflammation and oxidative stress
• Effects on glial networks

Indications

• Mood disorders (depression, anxiety)
• Chronic pain
• Movement disorders (Parkinson, dystonia)
• Post-stroke recovery
• Cognitive enhancement